Is it not time to search for paradigms beyond
capitalism and socialism?
The book argues that interactions between the claims of "ownership" "control" and "use" can elucidate crisis in our environments
through measuring responsibilities. Levels of responsibility created by propeties' and individuals' rights developed by societal systems
shape our attitudes and actions in most realms of urban life such as utilization maintenance investments etc. In this edition further
arguments were added such as the impossibility of achieving sustainability and justice within socialism or capitalism.
In a letter of recommendation to Jamel Akbar John Habraken former chairman of the Department of Architecture at MIT stated: "I do
not believe in all my years of teaching to have met another student who matched the combination of research skills and the ability for
theoretical constructs that he brought with him to MIT."
Reviews of the first edition
"Jamel Akbar has published an important contribution to the urban way of life in Muslim cities as well as formulating and illustrating a
research method for the study of architecture and urbanism in other societies and regions around the World."
Professor Roderich Lawrence
Open House International

"This is an impressive work. Much has already been written about Islamic culture and urbanism but rarely has any study been as
scholarly. ...The significance of Akbar's work lies in a vision of better awareness of the settlement process. In this sense it is a major
and definitive book."
Professor David Cosling
RIBA JOURNAL